The best stove heating in your home Kuznetsov bell stove

Recommendations for self-construction

If you decide to build a stove according to one of Kuznetsov’s plans with your own hands, get ready for careful and scrupulous work. On the diagrams you will find a graphic representation of each row, but before starting laying you need to become familiar with the features of the technique, in particular:

• selection and pre-processing of bricks;
• purchase of metal parts (plates, dampers, doors, valves);
• determining the most suitable location;
• preparation of the base and foundation;
• possibility of installing a chimney, etc.

Fireclay refractory brick (Sh-5, ShB-8) is recognized as the best material for the internal masonry of “smiths”, and ceramics (M-150) for external decoration. To strengthen brick walls, metal elements (rebar, wire) are used. In order for the stove to function with maximum heat output, experienced craftsmen hone not only their skills, but also every brick - literally. They polish every detail, which is why projects completed by professionals look flawless.

Fireclay brick masonry

Having the author's order in hand, we recommend not to experiment, but to follow the designated order. Deviations from the diagram do not guarantee complete heat transfer.

Heating stove with bread chamber

The work on laying the fireplace stove has been completed. Below is a photo.

Heating stove

A wooden shelf will be installed on the bottom brick shelf. For an aesthetic connection to the brickwork, a 5 cm wide groove is left.

Shelf space

DIY Kuznetsov stove drawings

The principle of operation of the furnace is the same, but there are many different models, divided by purpose of use:

• heating;
• heating and cooking;
• Russians are warm;
• baths;
• for washing;
• with built-in fireplace.

Drawings of a Kuznetsov stove for a bath

Drawings of a Kuznetsov stove with a fireplace

Do-it-yourself Kuznetsov stove

We will consider construction using a heating stove as an example, since this is the most common option.

If you follow all the rules and materials listed below, you can easily build a Kuznetsov stove with your own hands.

Do-it-yourself materials for the Kuznetsov stove

We will need:

• bricks (for internal brickwork, about 70 pieces of fire-resistant fireclay are suitable; you can calculate the number of bricks needed using a drawing or a construction calculator);
• bricks (for external masonry, ordinary clay M-150, about 760 pieces);
• 100-150 kg. clay;
• 200-300 kg of purified sand (clay and sand can be replaced with ready-made clay-sand mortar, 0.2 cubic meters are needed for 500 bricks);
• metal fittings (valve, grate, wire, combustion and blower doors, 2 steel corners).

Foundation for the Kuznetsov furnace

This stove may require a foundation due to its heavy weight.

If you are laying near a wall, place the foundation no closer than 5 centimeters to its base. To get rid of gaps, use sand in between.

Take into account the degree of soil freezing and make the pit depth at least 1 meter.

Do not forget about the sand cushion and a waterproofing belt made of bitumen mastic and roofing felt.

Be sure to reinforce the concrete foundation block for the Kuznetsov furnace with your own hands using a metal frame that can be easily welded from reinforcing bars.

Laying the Kuznetsov stove

Print out the drawing you need and start laying it out. It's pretty simple.

Make a channel between the first and second tier in ¼ brick, so that the firebox is longer.

Start creating the cap overlap from the 17-18th row.

Having reached the 21st row, make several small passes on the inner walls from the side. This will make lighting the stove more convenient.

Place the fireproof layer hanging so that it does not deform the walls when heated.

The internal laying of fireclay bricks must be installed edgewise - this may not be in the drawings. The external one can be made as you wish.

You will need wire to strengthen the bond, so lay every few rows of masonry with wire for the reliability and durability of the Kuznetsov stove, built with your own hands.

It is worth considering the expansion of bricks at high temperatures. To do this, treat the walls and metal elements with fire-resistant mixtures.

Also, treatment with a refractory mixture is necessary after the construction of the furnace and the solution has hardened.

Start testing the Kuznetsov stove with your own hands from the minimum temperature, gradually increasing it.

I hope DIY heating will help you preserve health and warmth in your home.

What you need for work

An economical and affordable method of building a heating device. List of materials:

• two types of bricks;
• doors;
• lattice;
• valves;
• metal surface (cast iron is of high quality).

For the binder, a clay mortar is used, which is prepared before laying out the brick oven.

Preparation

Initially, determine the location of the furnace. Its weight is relatively light. Instead of the usual base, a frame is created from durable boards, with a heat-insulating layer. Use a foil backing.

A material that cannot be heated is used as insulation. For example, basalt wool. A layer of insulation is placed on top. A layer of sand of several cm levels the surface and makes it uniform. This is necessary for convenient subsequent work. Proper preparation will help you make a brick oven with your own hands.

Masonry scheme

Arranging a brick stove for your home with your own hands:

• Initially, it should be placed directly on the sand, without using a solution. The bricks are laid strictly according to level. Thin-layer products are treated with the mixture. The door should first be wrapped with asbestos to compensate for the expansion of the metal due to thermal effects.
• The doors are secured with wire. Then they lay the second row and form a blower.
• Further masonry is carried out with fireclay bricks. Then a grate is installed above the ash pit.

• The next row involves laying bricks on edge. It is necessary to form a channel for removing smoke, and lay the foundation for a partition inside it. Install the firebox door, pre-wrapped with asbestos. At the same time, it should open easily at the top.
• The masonry continues in the primary way.
• In row number 2, at the final stage, the brick is placed on its edge. The walls of the smoke exhaust channel must be wiped with a damp cloth.
• The brick is laid flat.
• At the next stage the firebox closes.
• Before laying, asbestos strips are made, pre-moistened with water. This makes it possible to seal the gaps between the bricks and the cast iron slab. You cannot place a cast iron surface on a clay solution. This will cause cracks to form during operation.

• Formation of a smoke exhaust pipe. There should be a smooth expansion closer to the back. Only needed for the chimney base. The other part is made of metal.
• Installation of an asbestos-wrapped valve. Initially, they are coated with clay mortar. This row is the final one, where the laying of the heating device ends. The correctness of the work performed is checked. Additionally, you can view photos or videos to ensure the correct construction of the structure. A fireplace and a bed are being added, creating comfortable conditions.

Additionally, you can watch photos or videos for proper construction of the structure. A fireplace and a bed are being added, creating comfortable conditions.

Final works

A simple heating system does not require special design. The final stage of decoration is whitewashing. A few drops of blue are added to its composition to prevent the formation of a yellow coating.

There is a joint between the brick and the floor. It prevents sand from getting into the room from under the stove. The joint is covered with a sheet, and the edging is made from plinths. Time to complete the work is one day. In the evening the first kindling takes place. For this you will need wood chips and paper. After heating, add firewood.

Foundation first

It was Kuznetsov who first used automatic distribution of thrust across channels. This method is good because waste is eliminated, so the view can be kept open. The system of such chimneys is distinguished not only by its uniqueness, but also by its simplicity. If stoves with a complex chimney configuration usually have an efficiency of about 60%, then Kuznetsovki - 80% and higher. In addition, this implies the principle of free passage of gases. That is why orders are often compared to thermonuclear reactors. The fact is that the energy of gases, unlike a gas winder, does not spin into a vortex, but immediately saturates the oven. Naturally, the heat generated is used either to heat the room or to the hot water supply, depending on the needs.

Trial fire

After drying, we pull out the brick halves left to clear the areas of construction waste from the grooves, scoop it out and take it out of the room. We cover all the gaps between the walls and doors with a solution of fireclay clay or fill them with heat-resistant sealant.

We dilute a small amount of masonry mortar and place the halves in the grooves. We fill the voids in the seams with mortar; the seams must be completely sealed.

We lay a full stack of dry, small firewood from deciduous wood, but not alder. We open all the spaces to ventilate the firebox. We make a torch out of paper or a large splinter, light it and hold it in the cleaning window located under the cooking compartment for up to 8 minutes.

We close this channel and set fire to the wood. The stove should not smoke. If the wood immediately begins to burn poorly, check the draft level again, there may be debris left.

A test run of the unit is necessary to eliminate possible malfunctions and construction defects. After burning through the firewood stack, the ash and remains of firewood are cleaned out of the firebox and ash pan. The oven is left to cool completely. After this, the oven is ready for use.

Important! You can determine the quality of draft by the color of the flame in the firebox. Light color of smoke - the wood is burned completely, the chimney system is working properly

But if the color of the fire is dark red, burgundy flowers, then it’s time to clean the chimney due to incomplete combustion of wood and insufficient draft.

Advantages of dome stoves

This principle is used in many furnaces for various purposes. There can be several caps, they can have a symmetrical or asymmetrical structure, located side by side (horizontally) or one above the other (this option is often used to save space). This feature makes it possible to design stoves of any type and configuration, for any room and conditions. At the same time, the characteristics remain high: efficiency above 80% is almost the norm for Kuznetsov dome stoves.

Any device can be installed in the second hood: hob, heat exchanger, heater, hot water tank, bread oven, etc. There are many modifications and they all have one thing in common: high efficiency, economy, uniform heating. Moreover, when the caps are positioned vertically, the bottom heats up more intensely than the top. So it’s comfortable to be in a room with such a stove.

Some Kuznetsov stoves look more like works of art

It should be noted that much less brick is required to build such a furnace: more empty space inside. Therefore, the oven warms up faster. But, characteristically, it does not cool down faster. Everything happens exactly the other way around: Kuznetsov’s dome stoves produce much smaller daily temperature fluctuations than more massive analogues with a large number of channels. And all because the hottest part of the gases remains in the hoods, and the coldest part settles down and is removed from the furnace. Thus, the oven cools down more slowly.

Because there are no or almost no narrow ducts, a bell-type stove has less resistance to air flow, so the chimneys are shorter. Therefore, it is easier to build, and the foundation is not so massive, although it is definitely needed.

Furnace complex built on the principle of bell furnaces

After kindling and reaching operating mode, there is no need to regulate the operation of the stove with free movement of gases. The process turns out to be self-regulating. If the fuel flares up very strongly, the amount of hot gases at the top increases and squeezes colder ones into the second bell. And the colder ones include air coming from the blower. If there is a lack of air, the flame goes out, there are fewer hot gases, they rise higher and more air enters from below. The combustion is reactivated. Therefore, although there are valves in Kuznetsov’s two-bell furnaces, they are used extremely rarely, mainly for non-standard modes.

Another furnace complex

Automatic regulation of the combustion process leads to almost complete combustion of any fuel. That is, such a stove is omnivorous and not particularly demanding on fuel conditions. When using wet fuel, it takes longer for it to reach normal mode, but then the process stabilizes and the resulting soot burns out. This, by the way, is another advantage of dome stoves: they need to be cleaned very rarely, since there is little ash left and the soot burns.

Advantages and disadvantages

Kuznetsov's designs have many advantages. One of them is increased efficiency - 93 percent. For comparison, in Russian furnaces it is about 80. At the same time, “blacksmiths” have uniform heat transfer and less temperature fluctuations.

Other advantages of the design:

• There is no soot left behind, so the stove and smoke duct can be left uncleaned for several years, making maintenance much easier.
• The device can be erected anywhere - in a corner area, in the middle of a room, near a wall. Often, a two-bell stove heats several floors of a house on one floor.
• The stove chimney can be shortened to save bricks.
• “Kuznetsovka” can be easily combined with a stove, fireplace, or stove bench, featuring a variety of modifications.
• It is easy to connect a water circuit to the stove and pipe heated water for bathing or heating.
• Thanks to the increased level of pyrolysis, fuel, which can be of any kind, is saved.
• The masonry will last longer and there is less risk of cracks.
• When the valve is open for a short time, it is almost impossible to cool the stove, because the cap is always filled with warm air, and the cold air is pressed downwards.

Features of the Kuznetsov furnace

Since the main goal of Kuznetsov’s developments was efficiency and productivity (he worked to increase the efficiency value), this required a fundamentally new and improved approach.

From the above, the conclusion follows: the system of free movement of gases created by this master is more natural, it optimizes the operation of the device and uniform heating. In addition, soot formation is minimized.

In addition to these advantages, Kuznetsov furnaces have other positive aspects:

• combustion occurs without soot and smoke;
• heating is more uniform;
• better heat transfer;
• the need for cleaning is ten times less;
• efficiency;
• there is more space to place the steel heating element;
• low level of heat loss;
• resistance to cracks;
• the ability to change the shape and design of the structure.

Advantages of a bell furnace

If we compare the blacksmith's furnace with other brick analogues, it has great resistance to deformation. It heats up quickly and retains heat for a long time. Even with the damper not tightly closed, the resulting heat can remain in such a stove for a long time.

• long-term operation;
• low formation of soot and soot (it burns almost completely, turning into ash);
• Efficiency – up to 80%;
• lightweight design that can be mastered even by a beginner;
• improved heating system compared to its duct counterpart;
• easy and practical to maintain - there is no need to clean it often;
• does not crack;
• versatility of construction (in a house, apartment, bathhouse, etc.)
• large selection of shapes and designs;
• there is no need to take into account the height of the chimney to ensure good draft;
• high speed of kindling;
• the design allows you to install a large heating element;
• the oven heats up evenly;
• the oven takes longer to cool down compared to its brick prototypes.

Construction of blacksmiths schemes and orders

Creating a “product” for the mass user, the author took care of the practical application of his research, creating a huge set of diagrams and drawings. For the precise construction of a great variety of modifications of bell-type furnaces, orders are used - step-by-step diagrams with images of each row of bricks.

Ordering a sauna stove

Unlike Russian stoves, “blacksmiths” are smaller in size and, accordingly, take up minimal space. The amount of brick is also reduced, due to the large amount of free internal space. Thanks to the optimal thickness of the walls, they heat up quickly, and what is especially valuable, they cool down quite slowly. If you carefully analyze the dome arrangements, you will see how much unfilled space there is inside the structure.

Multifunctional design of the Kuznetsov furnace

Part of the free space is occupied by caps, fixed in a horizontal or vertical order, not necessarily symmetrical. The size of the domes can be the same or different. The vertical arrangement is often used to save space in the room, especially if an oven or dryer is planned. Thanks to the variability of the installation of domes, it is possible to erect a structure of any shape, designed for a specific room or special conditions.

Ordering a heating stove

The space under the second hood is often used for mounting heat exchangers, hobs, bread ovens, etc. In projects designed for a bathhouse, a hot water tank or heater is installed in it.

If you correctly “read” the order drawn up by an experienced master, you can achieve amazing results. For example, to maintain room temperature in a house made of rounded logs in winter, you will need 2 fireboxes (morning and evening) with only 5-6 logs each; in the off-season, one firebox is enough.

Procedures for building a fireplace

Features of masonry materials and recommendations

It is recommended to use ordinary clay solid bricks for laying the body and chimney. Brand M150 and higher, size 250*120*65 mm. It is not difficult to calculate the amount of bricks for Kuznetsov stoves: you need to multiply the number of rows of the model you have chosen by 0.8. This amount is enough to lay the hull (taking into account the battle and rejection). For the chimney you need to count separately. The calculation scheme is slightly different: you know how many bricks are in one row, multiply by the number of rows (each is different depending on the dimensions of the stove and the height of the building), add 10% for the battle and get the required number.

For the fireclay core (if any), Sh-5 (230*114*40 mm) or ShB-8 (250*123*65 mm) is recommended. Its quantity is calculated individually according to the scheme. The core in Kuznetsov furnaces is not connected to the body, that is, there are no common points of contact between them. Between the two parallel walls, the body and the fireclay core, there should be a gap of 5-6 mm. To make it easier to withstand, you can wrap the finished core (usually it is placed first) with ordinary packaging cardboard of the appropriate thickness. Instead, for better thermal insulation of the firebox, you can lay a heat insulator, basalt cardboard, for example.

Barbecues can also be built according to the principle of bell-type stoves

The height of the rows of ceramic bricks does not coincide with the height of the rows of fireclay. They do not need to be adjusted one after the other

It is important to maintain verticality and horizontality, monitor angles, as well as the recommended seam width. And then everything will be as it should be

In reality, the dimensions of ceramic bricks differ from the standard 250*120*65 mm. If the deviations are not critical, they can be corrected with a seam. Therefore, when calculating stoves and their heights, they take the height of the brick with the seam. It should be 70 mm. But you cannot make a seam larger than 7 mm, so look for a brick of suitable quality and size.

At the top, in the places where the fireclay laying ends, there are compensation gaps that take into account the different expansion coefficients of the materials. It is imperative to observe them: the expansion of fireclay bricks is greater than that of ceramic bricks, and if there is no such gap, the core will after some time break the masonry on top due to the fact that it expands more strongly.

Cutting from the order of the Kuznetsov stove with a mark

The size of the gap must be calculated according to the marks in order. The height of the last row of fireclay is marked on the drawings. Calculate the height of the ceramic brick wall yourself: multiply the number of rows by the height of the row with the seam (70mm) and get the required value. It should be 10-15 mm greater than the height of the fireclay. This gap is compensatory and it must be present. The resulting void is filled with stone basalt wool (not glass wool, but one that has a use temperature above 1200 o C).

If there are columns and internal walls inside (usually a quarter thick), the brick can be laid flat or on edge in them. There is no difference, do what is more convenient. There are places in the drawings where in one row there is a brick placed flat and on its edge. In this case, it needs to be adjusted to size (cut).

There are also nuances in the installation locations of furnace castings. Due to the specifics of the program, the drawings above the firebox door show ceramic bricks, but fireclay needs to be placed there on edge. When there is a difference in height, the voids are filled with cut fireclay plates. There remains a gap of 5 mm between the metal parts and the masonry - again due to different temperature expansions. A suitable heat insulator (with an operating temperature of 1200 o C) is placed in this gap.

For thermal insulation of furnace castings, asbestos cord was previously used. Now they recommend basalt wool or cardboard

Now about the mortar: for laying the body (made of ceramic bricks), clay or clay-sand mortar is used. For laying fire-resistant fireclay, purchased compounds (fire-resistant mastics) are used. Kuznetsov does not recommend soaking the brick before laying it. If you need to do this, then only with secondary raw materials. Immediately after completion, the oven must be dried, even if you do not put it into operation immediately. If this is not done, then during the first few fires there will be a smell of fumes.

There are a lot of subtleties and nuances in the construction of brick kilns and this is not an easy task. Nevertheless, it is possible to make a Kuznetsov stove with your own hands: the instructions and diagrams are provided by the author for free use. With appropriate explanations and if there is a desire, anything can be done.

Stove with bench

The stove with a stove bench is especially popular among our people. This design is also possible for bell-type furnaces. They heat themselves with wood. Such models are used mainly in dachas or country houses. All stoves with benches consist of the following elements:

• heating oven;
• bed;
• hob;
• oven;
• ash pan;
• woodcutter;
• place for kitchen utensils.

As with any stove structure, such models require a separate foundation. First, the base of the furnace is built. It consists of several brick rows aligned horizontally. They must have right angles. You should also maintain a distance from the rows of the base to the wall of the room of approximately 15 cm (more is possible). Then a vent and air vents are installed, thanks to which the air heated in the firebox rises up, is evenly distributed throughout the entire structure of the stove and optimally heats the stove bench.

At the level of 8–9 rows, overlaps should be laid on the bench and firebox. After this, you need to continue laying brick rows for the oven and hob according to the order. It is mandatory to lay a row separating the latter from the wall of the room.

The next stage: laying out the jumpers. In the oven area, you need to use regular or figured masonry in the shape of an arch or wedge for this purpose, and it is advisable to install metal corners and a decorative shelf above the stove casing. Subsequent brick rows connect all the chimneys together. Windows are made on the walls, and a summer house is placed near the oven (it can be used in the summer season). Those located higher will warm the room in winter.

The pipes are mounted higher and have a square cross-section. It is recommended to lay 2.5 bricks. Those floors that are laid in the area where the chimney is located should be insulated in several layers with basalt slabs.

It is advisable to cover the outer surface of the chimney with silicate brick, since it is characterized by resistance to temperature fluctuations and climatic precipitation. After its erection, all available fittings are installed on the stove.

For example, you can not limit yourself to simple brickwork (although it looks quite solid), but paint the structure with heat-resistant paint and decorate it with ornaments and designs. This model will look beautiful in any interior. In financial terms, the finishing will be more expensive, the higher the quality of the tiles used for it. And tiles serve not only an aesthetic function - they retain heat well. And these elements are unpretentious in care. If you can’t do the finishing yourself, professional craftsmen can come to the rescue.

What is the difference

The main feature of the group of stoves invented by Kuznetsov is the absence of extended smoke channels with many turns and bends. To make the most of the heat from burning fuel, duct stoves have a system of passages through which hot smoke heats the bricks. In this case, the oven heats up unevenly at different levels, which can lead to cracking of the masonry. In addition, there is a need for regular cleaning of narrow places and corners.

Kuznetsov's stoves for home and bathhouses do not have this drawback. In them, hot gases from the firebox enter the so-called hood - an internal space limited at the top by the ceiling and having an outlet at the bottom. The heated smoke rises to the very top of the hood, where it lingers until it begins to cool. As they cool, they gradually fall down along the walls of the bell, and a new portion of smoke takes their place.

The cooled smoke exits through the channel into the chimney or into another hood, depending on the design and purpose of the stove. Gradually, as it passes through cascades of hoods, the flue gases cool to a temperature of 120-150 degrees. The temperature of the gases at one level of each cap is the same, which avoids uneven expansion of the brick.

What explains the high efficiency of furnaces?

The reasons why bell furnaces are so efficient compared to traditional units are:

• Correct distribution of flue gases over heating temperature outside the combustion chamber.
• A large number of caps helps retain hot gas and more efficiently accumulate heat inside the device.
• Correct placement of the hood helps contain heated gases and maintain high temperatures. This leads to the collection of fuel combustion products in one place and a reduction in the level of soot formation in the chimney. For this reason, “blacksmiths” do not require frequent cleaning of soot.
• The heat exchanger is located in the hood, so it does not retain the heat produced by the furnace and does not reduce the level of efficiency.

Building a Kuznetsov stove with your own hands is not so easy, but all that is required from the master is to follow clear step-by-step instructions.

Operating principle of a bell furnace

The Kuznetsov bell furnace (popularly called “Kuznetsovka”) was named in honor of its creator, I.V. Kuznetsov, who began developing a new heating scheme in the early 60s of the last century. The unique technology of “free movement of hot gases” immediately gained recognition and became very popular all over the world.

Kuznetsov bell furnace. Principle of operation

The peculiarity of “Kuznetsovka” is that heated gases pass and circulate through the pipe due to their own gravity, as opposed to “forced” movement through the chimney. We all know from physics lessons that warm air rises, displacing cold air. But, unlike duct prototypes, here the heat does not come out of the pipe, but is collected under a hood. Gradually it cools down there, and is replaced by gusts of hotter air rising upward.

The main difference between a channel furnace and a bell-type furnace is the principle of hot gas movement. In the first, the smoke seems to be pulled upward through the pipe, and in the bell-shaped pipe it is pushed out. The cap itself can serve as a container for heating water, cooking, drying, etc. Thus, the bell furnace can perform a double function.

That is, according to the functional characteristics, “blacksmiths” can be divided into:

• sauna stoves;
• ovens for cooking (bread, cooking, cauldron, barbecue, grill, etc.);
• fireplace;
• heating stoves;
• combined type.

The most common are the combined types with the ability to cook food and heat the entire house. Although the style and shape can vary, the operating principle of a bell-type stove remains the same.

Scheme of gas movement in the furnace

To make it easier to understand the basic operating principle of the Kuznetsov stove, imagine a fire lit in the open air. Due to unlimited access of air to the fire, the fire produces little heat. Now let’s try to cover this fire with a metal cap, leaving a small gap at the bottom so as not to completely extinguish the flame. Hot air will rise, heating the walls. Gradually cooling, the air will begin to fall towards the left opening while a new portion of hot air takes its place. This is the principle of free movement of hot gases, which I.V. Kuznetsov successfully applied it in his development.

Today you can find more than 150 types of design on the Internet, but no matter what shape or style of execution they are, all stoves are built using the same method. The designer, when creating a scheme for laying a bell-type furnace, set himself two goals: productivity and efficiency of the heating system.

It is not so easy to build such a structure. It is necessary to strictly adhere to the guidelines developed by I.V. Kuznetsov. orders

The inventor pays great attention and attention to the location of the internal channels of the bell furnace

The hood is a separate chamber for retaining heated gas, which helps save fuel and increase the efficiency of the furnace.

The standard design of the “blacksmith” involves the presence of two caps. The lower one is combined with the combustion chamber, and the second hood is located in the upper part of the stove. The task of the first bell is to separate gases into cold and hot streams. This is what distinguishes a bell-type furnace from a channel furnace, where heated air, under the influence of draft, freely escapes outside. Here, the hot gas flow coming out of the furnace tends upward, where it lingers under the first hood and accumulates heat for a long time.

Further, the flow tends through the passage into the second chamber, where it is also delayed under the second ceiling, since the passage is located at the base. As a result, hot air accumulates heat in the stove for a long time before exiting through the chimney. This gives high efficiency - up to 95%. If we compare it with the efficiency of a traditional Russian stove (channel), this is 45-50% more.

In addition to the free movement of gas, a bell-type furnace also involves mechanical flow control. For this purpose, valves are installed in the structure. They, as necessary, can delay and redirect hot flows. The “summer” valve is intended for the warm season, when the stove is used as a hob for cooking. By opening the summer damper, a stream of hot air will rush up the chimney without going under the second hood.

Operating principle of the bell structure

Previously, before Kuznetsov’s discoveries, heating was ducted, that is, hot air from the firebox rose up inside the device, heating its walls. Giving heat to the bricks, the gases cooled and, under the influence of draft, went into the pipe. Over time, due to uneven heating, cracks appeared and the masonry required repairs. The disadvantages of duct heating are rapid cooling and a large amount of soot.

The movement of gases, according to Kuznetsov’s theory, occurs freely. Hot air inside the structure is retained by two hoods, located either one above the other or side by side. There are options with holes in the middle of the domes. Both elements are connected through a so-called “dry seam” - free space necessary for the circulation of gases.

Gas flow diagram in a bell-type furnace

When the fuel burns, hot gases enter the first hood, which is connected directly to the firebox. Expanding, they cannot move upward and stop in a limited space, where they cool over time, or flow downward, reducing draft and delaying the combustion process. Thus, the temperature and combustion power are adjusted independently.

The second hood creates additional draft, as a result of which complete combustion of solid fuel occurs first, and the resulting heat is retained thanks to the pyrolysis gases accumulated under the roof. Due to the fact that hot air does not evaporate instantly, but circulates inside the device, the efficiency of the heat source reaches 93%. In addition, there is a noticeable saving in fuel (briquettes, firewood or coal), and soot deposition is reduced to a minimum.

Types of Kuznetsov furnaces

As mentioned above, the caps can be positioned in different ways, which is why there are a lot of options. The ability to install any heat exchange device in the second dome without damaging the combustion process also contributes to the presence of many different thermal units. At the same time, devices with any type of combustion can be designed according to this principle: upper, lower, pyrolysis, layer-by-layer, etc. They all have some specifics, but can be implemented. On Kuznetsov’s website, projects for various purposes are posted in order. They can be downloaded freely for personal use, but republication is not encouraged.

Fireplaces built on the principle of bell-type stoves

There are Kuznetsov stoves for two-story houses, and they heat both levels. Moreover, there are such units with beds. Heating can be of the convection type (only from the walls of the stove) or a water heat exchanger can be inserted inside. Then such a unit is called a boiler and is designated KIK. Four ready-made water-heating brick boilers with a capacity of 16 kW, 17 kW, 34 kW, 64 kW are publicly available on Kuznetsov’s official website. They can have a built-in tank for heating water for domestic needs. The boiler needs to be tied with metal corners, if necessary, it can be insulated, a reinforcing mesh should be laid on top and plastered.

Heating stove. Beautiful

There are many more options for convection ovens. In the section of heating and cooking furnaces without the use of fireclay bricks, OVIC, there are 25 different projects. There are three options for a heating and cooking stove with a fireplace. The fireplace can be located on the side (right or left). Such options are marked OVIK BK (side fireplace), there is an option with a stove bench and an OVIK BK 13l fireplace. For a fireplace located at the rear, the marking is OVIC ZK (rear fireplace).

Kuznetsov’s heating and cooking stove looks very decent

Purely heating thermal units are marked IOC. Orders that have a bed have the letters “lie” or “L” in their names; if there is an oven, the letter “D” is added. Heating stoves also have options with fireplaces. They are marked OIK K. There are calorific furnaces PKIK1X. A separate category includes ovens for greenhouses and bread ovens.

Heating stove Kuznetsov OIK. Impressive

Kuznetsov's Russian stoves are marked RTIC; a total of 10 models are laid out, two of which have stove benches. They have the usual configuration of a cooking chamber, the mouth of which must have a sealed valve. If the chamber is not sealed, the oven will not work normally.

Russian bell stove with stove bench

In the section of stoves for baths, Kuznetsov immediately offers an option for planning the premises, indicating the dimensions and showing how suitable models can be “fitted” there. After all, bathhouses are usually small, and while a metal stove can be placed in it easily, a large brick stove is already problematic. And you need to take into account many factors: where will the fire be fired from, where will the steam come out and the hottest part of the stove. And here are ready-made options. Very convenient and worth saying a big thank you to the author! The stoves themselves are placed in a separate category and are marked with BIC.

Kuznetsov's sauna stoves are marked with BIC. They look presentable and, according to reviews, have excellent characteristics

This video offers a design of a furnace designed according to the principle of constructing furnaces proposed by Kuznetsov. The first half talks about the movement of gases and how it works, about the principles of controlling the operation of a particular model. The second comments on the masonry process. Very useful and educational video.

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Drawing of a homemade Kuznetsov stove

However, “blacksmithing” is not some kind of unspeakable miracle. There have already been many amateurs and professional craftsmen who not only repeat Igor Viktorovich’s original designs, but also create their own. In Fig. on the right is a drawing, and in Fig. in the section - the order of one of them.

She has two features. The first is kindling moves on the 21st row. They are quite similar to Kuznetsov’s idle air passages, but they are included in the work during kindling, speeding up and facilitating it. On a flame or smoldering, their throughput does not allow for the escape of gases, and these channels are drowned out by gas plugs.

The second is sawn along, and even at an angle, bricks in the 17th, 28th and some other rows. In fact, both stove makers and just builders know that bricks are not sawed lengthwise. But this belief arose at a time when the concept of “angle drill”, aka grinder, did not exist. People only heard about diamond tools back then, saying that they were used somewhere in the secret workshops of military factories.

But it’s still impossible to saw a brick lengthwise with a grinder while it’s in weight; its strength will drop below the minimum limit due to the beating of the tool in your hands. There are two options, the first is to install the tool in a frame with a lever running in a vertical plane to create a cutting machine. You can make this yourself, there are ready-made ones for sale.

Ordering a homemade Kuznetsov stove

Another method is suitable if the farm has a circular machine with at least 1500 rpm, and better - 2500-3000. Then a diamond wheel for stone is tucked into it instead of a standard toothed saw. This option is preferable: a support board with an angle stop provides a much cleaner and more accurate cut. And if necessary, you can finish it on the other side without the risk of getting a high step on the cut.

Video: the process of laying a 3 x 3.5 brick oven

Kuznetsov heating stoves, drawings and ordering with your own hands

Stove makers who do their business professionally believe that Kuznetsov’s heating stoves, the drawings of which we will consider in this article, have deservedly received recognition. Their creator I.V. Kuznetsov devoted his entire career, which began in 1962, to his favorite pastime, namely the design of new structures and their improvement.

Fame came to the designer as a result of numerous positive reviews from clients and customers. Now Kuznetsov has a team of like-minded people and his own website, which presents various options for design solutions, developed by him personally using special technology.

You can install a Kuznetsov stove with your own hands in modern residential buildings. Its design solutions make it possible not only to heat rooms efficiently, but also to give the interior a special and unique appearance, as you can see by looking at the photo provided. When developing new heating units, Kuznetsov sought to improve the main indicator of their performance - efficient heating. Depending on the purpose of the structures, certain indicators improved for them. In some models the firebox was modernized, in others heat saving was increased, and in others equipment was added, as evidenced by the drawings on the Kuznetsov furnace.

Proof of the high quality of structures is the popularity of heating units, their demand and long-term operation.

Some homeowners, knowing that Kuznetsov’s brick heating stoves have numerous positive reviews, decide to make them themselves (for more details: “Do-it-yourself brick heating stoves - it’s not as complicated as it seems”).

Such work can be done with your own hands, but on the condition that the owner of the house uses brick heating stoves and uses only recommended high-quality materials.

Two-bell furnaces Kuznetsov order and its features

The principle of constructing furnaces in which it is possible to implement the law of free movement of gases has been known for a relatively long time. The most common and well-known option is a two-melt furnace.

The principle of its operation is that air from the environment enters through the ashtray into the firebox. At the first stage of combustion, when the lightest fractions of the fuel burn, the process is somewhat reminiscent of pyrolysis. This mode is the most effective. But before Kuznetsov, few people took advantage of these advantages. But the orders have a design that allows them to work in pyrolysis mode. As a result, pyrolysis gases burn under the dome of the third bell. The process itself is interesting. Its features are that combustion is self-regulating. If the flame spreads too much, the draft worsens and the combustion process slows down; if the heat is not enough, the draft increases and the combustion process intensifies. Kuznetsov's two-bell furnaces (ordering) have a second dome so that the combustion process is not disturbed. The temperature in the second bell with an efficiency of approximately 80% reaches 300-400 degrees, and this is quite enough to transfer heat to the coolant.

Operating principle and differences from other heating systems

It is based on the principle of free movement of gases. To circulate air in a conventional furnace, it is necessary to use external energy, that is, to create forced draft in the pipe. When gases are in a confined space, in the presence of a constant source of heat, they separate under their own weight - cold ones settle down, hot ones rise up. At the same time, in the region of high temperatures, the pressure increases, and where it is cold, it drops and energy is generated. It turns out that turbulent motion occurs automatically due to the laws of physics. This means that if convection currents are directed correctly, thermal energy will be transferred by the gas masses themselves. The merit of Igor Viktorovich is that he managed to subordinate the system of free movement of gases and use the energy they produce with maximum efficiency. One example of a Kuznetsov furnace can be seen in the photo below.

With electric heat supply, no draft pipe is required. If the stove is heated with wood, then the combustion product must invariably come out. Thanks to a clever design, it accumulates at the last stage of its journey, ending up as if under a hood. There it burns out again, completely giving up its heat, and then is released into the street in the form of useless gas, without cooling the system. Such furnaces are also called bell-type furnaces.

The fundamental feature of gas filling of cavities is that, no matter how many compartments the furnace has, they are all filled with gas evenly and the same physical processes occur in all of them. It is impossible to create something similar using traction, the countercurrent principle (widely used in Europe) or other convective methods. That is why such stoves are an innovation in the stove heating system.

They regulate themselves and, no matter what configuration they are given, they always work according to a natural principle. This gave scope to the creator’s engineering thought, as a result of which he came up with dozens of heating systems of various purposes and power:

• Russian hot stoves;
• stoves for baths and steam rooms with water and steam temperature regulators;
• various household stoves with hobs and benches;
• fireplaces, in which the walls of the fireplace are cavities of the stove and, in addition to aesthetics, perform a heating function;
• for two- or three-story houses - multi-level stoves with a transit pipe;
• a system of stoves for different purposes in one house, which operate on one chimney.

Kuznetsov's bell-type stoves can be equipped with a water boiler and provide a hot water supply system in the house, while being heated by electricity. This reserve significantly reduces costs.

The main advantages of furnaces:

1. Economical. Efficiency reaches 93%, while modern stoves give 70-80%, Russian ones - 30%.
2. Uniform heating hardens the brick and masonry, preventing it from cracking.
3. Even temperature distribution prevents the appearance of a “pit” of cold air.
4. The force of the outgoing flow is greater than the resistance, as a result of which there are no problems with fireplaces or multi-story stoves.
5. The smoke from the combustion of the fireplace enters the furnace passages and joins the general heating process.
6. They retain heat well even with the valve open.
7. They are practically not clogged with soot.

Practical steps

In this article we will only touch on the basics of practical masonry. To help you understand the issue in more detail, familiarizing yourself with the videos that are available in abundance on the Internet.

For example, here:

If you want to understand the issue comprehensively and get to work “fully armed,” we recommend purchasing a textbook on stove laying. For example, Simakov V.G. "Stoves, fireplaces, barbecues." Moscow, EKSMO, 2011.

On the website of I.V. Kuznetsov, in the section bell furnaces, drawings (called orders) for furnaces of any purpose, power and configuration are available for review and downloading without restrictions.

Materials

If you plan to install a stove according to one of the existing projects, then you should receive two documents for it: a specification that lists all the necessary materials in the option: name of material / brand / required quantity / average price on the market. The last point must be clarified on the date of the decision to lay the furnace.

As a rule, regardless of the chosen option for the future bell furnace, for its construction you will need to purchase:

• Fireproof mastic (special dry mixture for laying fireclay bricks);
• Refractory brick (fireclay);
• Ceramic single solid brick (from M150 and above);
• Materials for preparing masonry mortars: cement, clay, sand;
• Multilayer plywood sheets for formwork;
• Steel sheet for the floor in front of the fire door;
• Rebar and reinforcing wire;
• Steel corner;
• Planed wooden beam;
• Stove fittings (latches, doors, views);
• Metallized foil;
• Hob (if the stove is a heating and cooking stove);
• Grate.

Tool

To be able to perform any technological operation in the process of manufacturing a brick bell furnace, the master will need:

• An electric drill with a special attachment, or a construction mixer;
• Circular saw;
• Bulgarian;
• Wire cutters and pliers;
• Trowels (trowel);
• Shovel;
• Level (preferably laser).

For a professional stove maker this list is much longer. Only the main tool is listed here.

Ideally, the laying of the stove should be taken care of at the stage of building a house. It is much simpler, cheaper and more effective.

However, modern technologies make it possible to fit a stove into a finished house. Such work requires more time and expense, as well as additional calculations.

In conclusion of this article, we offer you a photo report on the laying of Kuznetsov’s two-bell heating and cooking stove. With the application of orders and vertical sections.

Good luck!

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Second: thermal load

Nothing works on bare principles. In order for a theoretically absolutely correct stove to heat, dry and cook well, it must also be made correctly in the material. In relation to bell-type furnaces (and especially double-bell furnaces), this means that the thermal load on the material must be high. Making a bell furnace massive, with thick walls, is like lighting a fire in a cave. To feel the warmth, you need to sit next to the fire, and there will be soot...

Take a look at fig. It contains drawings and orders of some Kuznetsov stoves: a bathhouse, a heating and cooking stove, a double-circuit hot water boiler and an improved Russian stove with a stove bench. Not being an experienced stove maker, it is clear that the material per unit of output power (500 W * sq. m of outer surface) in the Kuznetsov stove uses one and a half to two times less than in traditional ones. In general, any bell-type oven is “emptier” inside than a channel oven of equal power.

Orders of some Kuznetsov furnaces

On the one hand, this is good; bricks and mortar cost money. But on the other hand, it requires careful development and adherence to construction technology (see below). The heat load, which would not cause a pile of cobblestones to move, would destroy a thin brick wall even during the accelerating fire.

Structural mechanics are also important for Kuznetsov furnaces. The strength of the wall with clay mortar decreases much faster when its thickness decreases than with cement-sand mortar. Therefore, the foundation for these furnaces must be done especially carefully in strict accordance with the author’s recommendations. They must be strictly followed during construction.

Note: I.V. Kuznetsov allows freely copying his materials for himself, for construction, but objects to republications. However, the pictures in Fig. small. An amateur cannot build anything using them, but a master knows where to get full-fledged drawings. Therefore, we hope that Igor Viktorovich will forgive us this small borrowing for the benefit of the cause.

Technical parameters of double-bell design

A similar heating and cooking stove made of brick is an effective equipment for heating a room up to 45 m². At the same time, it is distinguished by its compact dimensions:

• the base is 128x89 cm; if measured in bricks, you get 5x3.5 bars;
• oven height is 225 cm;
• The depth of the firebox reaches 60 cm.

This model has a maximum heat transfer power of 4200 kcal/hour.

The fuel combustion device is lined with fireclay bricks, which are placed on edge. A hob is placed above the combustion chamber. If desired, you can install two burners.

The entire structure is crowned with an arched ceiling, which makes the stove a decorative element of the interior and decoration of the room. Above is a drying chamber. If you make some changes, you can install a hot water tank instead of this design.

Construction options

Heating and cooking stoves for domestic use can be of several types according to their design.

Chamber

A metal chamber stove is a classic “potbelly stove”, which has been greatly improved in modern production. This unit has the following technical characteristics:

Channel

The principle of operation of this design: the gases burn out, and then cool and pass through the channels between the partitions, and give off heat to the furnace body. The unit must warm up to 400°C inside - then afterburning will occur in it. Modern potbelly stoves can easily be reclassified as a duct circuit. In this case, only a horizontal “elbow” is left from the flue and it separates the combustion chamber from the firebox.

Combustion air enters through the cracks of the hob or through a special air throttle. A duct stove has an efficiency of up to 80%, and the specific thermal power is several times greater than that of a chamber stove. Such a stove works both with long burning and with flame, on almost any fuel.

At the same time, the power is regulated by the air supply - this possibility here is 2 times higher than in a chamber potbelly stove. An advantage for household use is the temperature in the afterburner is within 250-300°C, and this is convenient for cooking.

Almost all metal household stoves with a power of up to 15 kW are created according to the scheme described above. The body is usually made of ordinary steel with a thickness of 4 mm or more, and the hob is made of cast iron or steel with a thickness of 8 mm or more.

Kolpakovaya

Finally, a bell furnace is a scheme in which gases are retained by the roof of the bell until complete combustion, and then they fall down and give off the remaining heat. Such designs provide more than 70% efficiency. This technology is also applicable to metal boilers, but here we had to abandon the flame - a metal cap simply will not absorb as much heat as it releases without overheating. Therefore, such stoves were switched to smoldering mode - this made it possible to increase the heat transfer time to 60 hours (with wood) or up to 30 days (with coal).

Long-burning metal stoves can be made with your own hands and operate on wood, coal, but not on wet fuel, since wet fuel does not smolder, no matter how much air you give it. If this is a special coal boiler, then it will not be able to work on wood - it simply will not “give out” the required efficiency. The body of such a boiler is made of simple steel, surrounded by a sealed gas jacket.